Public sunscreen dispensers and sun-protective behaviours: an observational study in Toronto, Canada

by Anojini Ravichandran, Jasmin Bhawra
Prev Med Rep

Date : 2026 Apr 29

DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103485

Abstract

Objectives:

Skin cancer is a growing global health concern, primarily caused by ultraviolet radiation. Although guidelines exist for sunscreen use and other sun-protective behaviours, adherence remains inconsistent. Public sunscreen dispensers increase access, but their association with behavioural change is unclear. This study examined the association between public sunscreen dispensers and observed sun-protective behaviours in Toronto, Canada.

Methods:

A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted from July to September 2024 across 25 sunscreen dispensers in Toronto, Canada. A Sun Safety Score (max score = 6) was developed based on six ultraviolet protective behaviours: sunscreen, hats, sunglasses, upper- and lower-body coverage, and closed-toe footwear. Regression models examined the association between dispenser vicinity and sun safety behaviours.

Results:

A total of 140 users were observed using dispensers, while 1152 individuals were observed near (<250 m) and far (>250 m) from dispensers. Children and teens showed consistently lower adherence to each sun-protective behaviour than adults. Sun Safety Scores were lower at beaches than parks (2.03 vs. 3.06), and adherence was higher in groups than when using the dispenser alone (2.65 vs. 2.45).

Conclusions:

While public sunscreen dispensers increase public access, they are insufficient as a standalone sun safety strategy. Health interventions which combine education and environmental prompts may improve sun-protective behaviours.

Keywords: Environmental UV; Observational study; Skin cancer; Solar ultraviolet radiation; Sun protection; Sun protective behaviours; Sunscreen.